JOBLESSNESS DECREASED TO 18% IN APRIL
SIX IN TEN DOMESTIC WORKERS REPORTED EARNING LESS THAN $15 PER HOUR
Domestic Workers Economic Situation Report · April 2023
Source: La Alianza surveys, NDWA Labs
Released: May 5, 2023
The most recent Bureau of Labor Statistics Jobs Report shows strong job growth in April. In parallel, NDWA Labs’ April Report shows a decline to 18% in joblessness for surveyed domestic workers. This decline puts joblessness at the level we saw in November 2022, and comes after a joblessness increase during the first quarter of the year. It remains over twice the rate of 9% who reported having no jobs before COVID-19 [1].
Domestic workers are the nannies, homecare workers, and house cleaners whose work is essential to our economy, and yet they are one of the most vulnerable and marginalized groups of workers. They work in private homes, and often have multiple employers. This means they may have to schedule several jobs in a given week in order to make ends meet. Domestic workers earn less than the average US worker and are three times as likely to be living in poverty [2].
La Alianza survey data from Spanish-speaking domestic workers shows how respondents continue to face low wages and high levels of unemployment and underemployment.
April Jobs Report - Bureau of Labor Statistics
Each month, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) releases an Economic Situation Summary with employment and other labor market data. This is an important report to keep track of how the economy is doing. However, domestic workers, along with other vulnerable workers, are often underrepresented in official data [3]. Here we present an overview of the BLS Jobs report, along with NDWA Labs’ data which shows the employment and economic situation of thousands of Spanish-speaking domestic workers.
On May 5, the BLS released new employment data for April 2023.
The general unemployment rate ticked down.
The unemployment rate for Latina women decreased.
The unemployment rate for Black women increased.
The unemployment rates for Black and Latinx adults continue to be higher compared to the rates for white adults.
Average hourly earnings for nonfarm payroll workers increased.
NDWA Labs’ data shows a decrease in joblessness for surveyed domestic workers, at 18%, and an improvement in the wage distribution. While the share of joblessness for domestic workers is not directly comparable to the unemployment rate nationwide*, looking at trends in the data for Spanish-speaking domestic workers in the context of national trends can support our understanding of the sector as it relates to the broader economy.
April Domestic Worker Economic Situation at a Glance
Below are our main findings on the Economic Situation of Spanish-speaking domestic workers in April. Note that monthly numbers may be volatile, which is why we look at our findings as they relate to prior trends in the data and the economic situation of the overall economy. Additionally, at the end of each quarter, we calculate quarterly averages for key economic indicators.
Jobs and Wages
Joblessness decreased to 18% in April. Joblessness was 21% on average in the first quarter of 2023.
The share of respondents with a relatively higher volume of work increased. Nearly four in ten (38%) respondents reported working more than twenty hours per week on average, higher than at any point during the past year.
Six in ten (60%) domestic worker respondents were underemployed in April.
The main reason for underemployment that workers reported was that they could not find more clients (68%), followed by taking care of a family member (13%), having a health problem (12%), and “other” (7%).
The wage distribution improved in April. Six in ten (60%) domestic worker respondents reported earning less than $15 per hour in April, compared to 63% in the first quarter of 2023.
This share is still higher than the share of respondents who earned less than $15 per hour before COVID-19, which was at most 55%.***
Economic Security
Economic security showed some signs of improvement in April, with a slight decrease in housing insecurity and in the difficulty of affording regular household expenses. However, there was an uptick in food scarcity.
Food scarcity increased slightly. Eight in ten (80%) domestic worker respondents said their households faced food scarcity either often (14%) or sometimes (66%) in the week prior to being surveyed.
In comparison, during the first quarter of 2023, 78% of domestic worker respondents said their households faced food scarcity, on average.
Housing insecurity decreased slightly. This improvement comes after a significant increase in housing insecurity during the first quarter of 2023.
46% of domestic worker respondents reported they were unable to afford their rent or mortgage at the beginning of April, compared to a 49% average during the first quarter of 2023.
In early April, 49% of domestic worker respondents reported struggling to afford regular household expenses. This is slightly lower than the 51% average during the first quarter of 2023.
In April, respondents told us that it was either very (21%) or somewhat difficult (28%) to afford regular household expenses, such as food, housing, car payments, and medical expenses, in the week prior to the survey.
45% of workers told us that it was a little difficult to afford household expenses and only 6% told us that it was not difficult.
About the surveys
NDWA Labs surveys Spanish-speaking domestic workers each week, via La Alianza, a Messenger chatbot. At the end of each survey, La Alianza provides respondents with relevant news articles and resources in Spanish. To learn more about NDWA Labs’ La Alianza survey of Spanish-speaking domestic workers, see this report.
The employment numbers presented in this report include data from four weekly surveys in April 2023 and twelve weekly surveys throughout the first quarter of 2023. For greater detail on completions broken down by month, please see the table below.
| Month | Number of weekly surveys | Total completed surveys |
|---|---|---|
| April 2023 | 4 | 2576 |
| March 2023 | 5 | 3053 |
| February 2023 | 4 | 2230 |
| January 2023 | 3 | 1981 |
Questions about hours worked and hourly wages are asked weekly, questions regarding underemployment and job search are asked bi-weekly, and questions around economic security are asked monthly.
La Alianza is a product of NDWA Labs, the innovation partner of the National Domestic Workers Alliance. NDWA Labs experiments with the ways technology can organize domestic workers and transform domestic work jobs into good jobs by bringing respect, living wages, and benefits to an undervalued and vulnerable part of the economy.
For questions, please contact us here.
Notes
1 NDWA Labs (2020), 6 Months in Crisis: The Impact of COVID-19 on Domestic Workers
2 Economic Policy Institute (2022), Domestic Workers Chartbook
3 Kopparam (2022), What federal statistical agencies can do to improve survey response rates among Hispanic communities in the United States
* Unlike unemployment rates, joblessness for domestic workers may include people who are not working but are currently unavailable to work, or not actively looking for jobs. Additionally, the NDWA Labs’ joblessness rate for surveyed domestic workers is NOT seasonally adjusted, while BLS unemployment rates are adjusted.
**We modified the wording of some questions to ensure specificity and consistency in period reference formatting. The goal was to reduce cognitive burden and potential measurement error. For example, where we previously asked: “How many hours did you work on the week of January 9?”, we changed the question to: “During the last 7 days, how many hours did you work?”
*** The share of respondents earning less than $15 in 2022 cannot be directly compared to baseline numbers before COVID-19, due to a change in answer option ranges. However, since 55% of respondents reported earning $15 or less before COVID-19,2 a share which is inclusive of those who earned $15 per hour, we know that the share of respondents earning less than $15 is at most 55%.